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Writing --- History --- History of writing --- Origins --- Writing - History --- Écriture --- Histoire

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Africa is still considered by many to be a continent without writing, even though a number of written cultures have existed since as early as the ancient period. This volume provides a comprehensive presentation of the writing systems that were in use in ancient north (east) Africa. It focuses on the question of how these writing systems each developed and influenced one another. Afrika gilt heute vielen immer noch als »schriftloser« Kontinent, obwohl bereits in der Antike dort mehrere Schriftkulturen existierten. In dem vorliegenden Buch werden nun die teils wenig erforschten Schriftsysteme, welche im antiken Nord(ost)afrika in Gebrauch waren, umfassend dargestellt. Dabei geht es vor allem um die Frage, wie sich diese entwickelten und gegenseitig beeinflussten. Ist die numidische Schrift im römischen Nordafrika, die heute noch von den Berber verwendet wird, eine Eigenschöpfung oder lassen sich Vorbilder feststellen? Warum und wie genau vollzog sich der Wechsel von den altägyptischen Schriften in pharaonischer Zeit zur koptischen Schrift im christlichen Ägypten? Wie ist die Verbindung zwischen den napatanischen und meroitischen Hieroglyphen und ihren altägyptischen Vorbildern exakt zu fassen? Was veränderte sich bei der Adaption der koptischen Schrift hin zur altnubischen? Wie entstand aus der altsüdarabischen Konsonanten- die moderne äthiopische Silbenschrift? Sind dabei Einflüsse aus Indien oder Meroë greifbar? Auch spezielle Aspekte werden behandelt, etwa Beispiele für eine scrittura franca zwischen Rotem Meer und Indischen Ozean, ein antiker Versuch, die Sprache der Beja-Nomaden schriftlich wiederzugeben, Ägyptogramme in meroitischen Monumentalinschriften oder Konvergenzformen wie das »Pseudo-Sabäische« im aksumitischen Reich. Insbesondere wird behandelt, wie und wann es zur Schriftübernahme bzw. -adaption kam bzw. wann dies ausblieb.

African Studies. --- Berberology. --- Egyptology. --- History of Writing. --- Linguistics. --- Nubiology.

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A cross-cultural, comparative view on the transition from a predominant ‘culture of handwriting’ to a predominant ‘culture of print’ in the late medieval and early modern periods is provided here, combining research on Christian and Jewish European book culture with findings on East Asian manuscript and print culture. This approach highlights interactions and interdependencies instead of retracing a linear process from the manuscript book to its printed successor.While each chapter is written as a disciplinary study focused on one specific case from the respective field, the volume as a whole allows for transcultural perspectives. It thereby not only focusses on change, but also on simultaneities of manuscript and printing practices as well as on shifts in the perception of media, writing surfaces, and materials: Which values did writers, printers, and readers attribute to the handwritten and printed materials? For which types of texts was handwriting preferred or perceived as suitable? How and under which circumstances could handwritten and printed texts coexist, even within the same document, and which epistemic dynamics emerged from such textual assemblages?

LITERARY CRITICISM / Books & Reading. --- Materiality. --- change of medium. --- history of writing. --- letterpress printing.

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Since 1899 more than 73,000 pieces of inscribed divination shell and bone have been found inside the moated enclosure of the Anyang-core at the former capital of the late Shang state. Nearly all of these divinations were done on behalf of the Shang kingsand has led to the apt characterization that oracle bone inscriptions describe their motivations, experiences, and priorities. There are, however, much smaller sets of divination accounts that were done on behalf of members of the Shang elite other than the king.First noticed in the early 1930's, grouped and periodized shortly thereafter, oracle bone inscriptions produced explicitly by or on behalf of "royal familygroups" reveal information about key aspects of daily life in Shang societythat are barely even mentioned in Western scholarship. The newly published Huayuanzhuang East Oracle Bone inscriptions are a spectacular addition to the corpus of texts from Anyang: hundreds of intact or largely intact turtle shells and bovine scapulae densely inscribed with records of the divinations in which they were used. They were produced on the behalf of a mature prince of the royal family whose parents, both alive and still very much active, almost certainly were the twenty-first Shang king Wu Ding (r. c. 1200 B.C.) and his consort Lady Hao (fu Hao). The Huayuanzhuang East corpus is an unusually homogeneous set of more than two thousand five hundred divination records, produced over a short period of time on behalf of a prince of the royal family. There are typically multiple records of divinations regarding the same or similar topics that can be synchronized together, which not only allows for remarkable access into the esoteric world of divination practice, but also produce micro-reconstructions of what is essentially East Asia's earliest and most complete "day and month planner." Because these texts are unusually linguistically transparent and well preserved, homogeneous in orthography and content, and published to an unprecedentedly high standard, they are also ideal material for learning to read and interpret early epigraphic texts. The Huayuanzhuang East oracle bone inscriptions are a tremendously important Shang archive of "material documents" that were produced by a previously unknown divination and scribal organization. They expose us to an entirely fresh set of perspectives and preoccupationscentering ona member of the royal family at the commencement of China's historical period. The completely annotated English translation of the inscriptions is the first of its kind, and is a vibrant new source of Shang history that can be accessedto rewrite and supplement what we know about early Chinese civilization and life in the ancient world. Before the discerning reader are the motives, preoccupations, and experiences of a late Shang prince working simultaneously in service both for his Majesty, his parents, and hisown family.

Palaeography (history of writing) --- Translation & interpretation --- Regional studies --- Australasian & Pacific history --- Classical Greek & Roman archaeology --- Early China. --- Oracle bone inscriptions. --- Paleography.

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Der Band vereint Beiträge zu neueren Entwicklungen in der Schrifttheorie, vor allem aus linguistischer, philosophischer, medientheoretischer und sprachdidaktischer Perspektive. Dabei geht es zum einen um die Frage, mit welchen Methoden und Kategorien Schrift und Schreiben analysiert werden können und worin sich die geschriebene Sprache medial von der gesprochenen unterscheidet. Zum anderen werden Einflüsse des Mediums Alphabetschrift auf die historische Entwicklung dieser Disziplinen nachgezeichnet und verschiedene Schrifttypen im Verhältnis zueinander beschrieben. Ausgangspunkt für die Beiträge waren die schrifttheoretischen Arbeiten Christian Stetters, insbesondere seine Thesen, dass die Alphabetschrift nicht als eine Art Lautschrift zu begreifen sei, und dass die spezifischen Eigenschaften dieses Schrifttyps zur Genese formaler Sprachbetrachtung in Sprachwissenschaft und Philosophie entscheidend beigetragen haben. In den Beiträgen des Bandes werden Schwierigkeiten der Orthographie-Reform ebenso reflektiert wie didaktische Kontroversen zum Schriftspracherwerb, die Pragmatik des Schreibens ebenso wie die Ästhetik unterschiedlicher Schriftarten. The volume brings together papers on new developments in the theory of writing systems, above all from the perspectives of linguistics, philosophy, media theory and language education. Firstly there is the question of the methods and categories used for analysing writing, and how written language as a medium is different from spoken language. Secondly, the influences of alphabetic scripts on the historical development of these disciplines are traced, and various types of writing system are described in relation to each other. The starting point for the contributors was Christian Stetter's work on the theory of written language, especially his theses that alphabetic script is not to be seen as a kind of phonetic script and that the specific characteristics of this writing system have had a decisive influence on the genesis of formal language reflection in linguistics and philosophy. The papers in the volume reflect on the difficulties of spelling reform and on didactic controversies around the acquisition of written language, on the pragmatics of writing and on the aesthetics of various types of script.

Philosophy of language --- Writing --- Language and languages --Philosophy. --- Written communication. --- Language and languages --- Written communication --- Languages & Literatures --- Philology & Linguistics --- Philosophy --- 801.7 --- Taalkundige semiotiek --- 801.7 Taalkundige semiotiek --- Written discourse --- Written language --- Communication --- Discourse analysis --- Visual communication --- Alphabet --- Linguistics --- Philosophy. --- History. --- Chirography --- Handwriting --- Ciphers --- Penmanship --- Hieroglyphics --- Letters of the alphabet --- Latin alphabet --- Roman alphabet --- Transliteration --- History of Writing. --- Media Theory. --- Orthography. --- Écriture --- Philosophie --- Histoire